The Supreme Court of Washington Clarifies "Bad Faith" and Consumer Protection Act Claims
The Supreme Court of Washington’s recent decision in St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co. v. Onvia, Inc., 2008 Wash. LEXIS 1055 (November 26, 2008) addressed two claims commonly alleged against insurers in coverage disputes: “bad faith” and violation of the Consumer Protection Act. The matter reached the Court upon certified questions from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. The first question was whether an insured has a cause of action under Washington law “against its liability insurer for common law procedural bad faith for violation of the Washington Administrative Code and/or for violation of the Washington Consumer Protection Act (CPA), chapter 19.86 RCW, even though a court has held that the insurer had no contractual duty to defend, settle, or indemnify the insured?” Second, assuming a ‘yes’ answer to the first question, must the insured “prove that the insurer’s conduct caused actual harm, or should the court apply a presumption of harm?” Third, “[h]ow should damages be measured?” 2008 Wash. LEXIS 1055 at *2.
Earlier in the district court litigation, St. Paul had obtained a declaration on summary judgment that (1) it “had no duty to defend, indemnify, or settle the underlying action against Onvia” and (2) it did not ”commit bad faith when it refused to defend Onvia.” Id. at *6. Given that the underlying case had settled for $17.515 million, Id. at *5, these were important rulings for St. Paul. However, the rulings did not end the matter because claims remained for bad faith and violation of the CPA, both of which were premised on several alleged violations of Washington regulations governing the handling of insurance claims. Principally, the plaintiff argued that St. Paul “fail[ed] to timely acknowledge and act upon the notice of the claim and tender of defense” and “fail[ed] to promptly or reasonably investigate the claim.” Id. at *6.
The Court’s decision includes some good news for insureds and some good news for insurers. On the one hand, the Court ruled that “a third-party insured has a cause of action for bad faith claims handling [and for violation of Washington’s CPA] that is not dependent on the duty to indemnify, settle, or defend.” Id. a **14, 16. In other words, an insurer can be held liable to its insured even when the insurer possessed no duty to indemnify, settle or defend in the first place. On the other hand, the Court held that “coverage by estoppel is not recognized in this context,” and the insured is not entitled to a presumption of harm. Id. at *15. Rather, the insured “must prove actual harm” and its damages are limited to “the amount it has incurred as a result of the bad faith … as well as general tort damages” for a bad faith claim. Id. With respect to the CPA claim, damages are limited to “the statutory remedies available to any successful CPA claimant.” Id. at *16. These statutory remedies consist of “actual damages … together with the costs of the suit, including a reasonable attorney’s fee” plus, in the discretion of the court, the possibility of treble damages in an amount not to exceed $10,000. RCW 19.86.090. Significantly, this standard would generally preclude an award of damages for the underlying claim amount (here, $17,515,000) where the insurer did not breach the duty to defend, settle or indemnify.
